TENTH LERANING GUIDE

TENTH LERANING GUIDE

REVIEW – GRAMMAR 2

PRESENTE CONTINUO

Uso: se utiliza normalmente para hablar de acciones que están ocurriendo en el
momento en el que se habla. En españolsueleequivalera “estar + gerundio”.

• Afirmativa
forma completa forma contraída

I am working I´m working
You are working you´re working
He / she / it is working he / she / it´s working
We are working we´re working
You are working you´re working
They are working they´re working



• Negación
forma completa forma contraída

I am not working I´m not working
You are not working you aren´t working
He / she / it is not working he / she /it isn´t working
We are not working we aren´t working
You are not working you aren´t working
They are not working they aren´t working


• Interrogación
respuestabreverespuestabreve -

Am I working? Yes, I am No, I´m not
Are you working? Yes, you are No, you aren´t
Is he / she / it working? Yes, he / she / it is. No, he / she / it isn´t
Are we working? Yes, we are No, we aren´t
Are you working? Yes, you are No, you aren´t
Are they working? Yes, they are No, theyaren´t


•  Reglas ortográficas de los verbos acabados en –ing:

- Los verbos que acaban en una sola –e pierden esta vocal y añaden –ing:
write® writinghave® having come ® coming

- Los verbos de una sílaba acabados en “vocal + consonante” duplican la
consonante y añaden –ing (excepto en el caso de w y y):
put® putting stop ® stopping shop ® shopping

SIMPLE PAST

To be = ser o estar.


•  Afirmativa
I was
You were
He/she/it was
We were
You were
They were


•  Negación (sujeto + verbo + not)

forma completa forma contraída

I was not I wasn´t
You were not you weren´t
He/she/it was not he/she/it wasn´t
We were not we weren´t
You were not you weren´t
They were not they weren´t

•  Interrogación (verbo + sujeto)

respuestabreverespuestabreve –
Was I ...? Yes, I was No, I wasn´t
Were you...? Yes, you were No, you weren´t
Was he/she/it ....? Yes, he/she/it was No, he/she/it wasn´t
Were we...? Yes, we were No, we weren´t
Were you....? Yes, you were No, you weren´t
Were they....? Yes, they were No, they weren´t

Ejemplos:
Were you a student? Yes, I was.
Was she your friend? Yes, she was.
Weretheyyourclassmates? No, theyweren´t.

OTHER VERBS

Uso: el pasado simple se utiliza normalmente para referirnos a hechos que sucedieron en un momento concreto del pasado

Existen verbos regulares, a los que se añade –ed en el pasado, como work (worked en pasado) y otros irregulares, que es necesario aprender, como go (went en pasado).

•  Afirmativa

Verbos regulares (work)

I worked
He / she / itworked
Youworked
Weworked
Youworked
Theyworked

Ortografía de las formas de pasado regulares

• verbos acabados en “consonante + y”Þ ied:
study® studied
carry® carried

• verbos monosilábicos acabados en “vocal +consonante” Þ duplican la consonante (excepto “y” o “w”)
stop ® stopped
shop ® shopped

Pronunciación de la terminación “-ed” de pasado
Se puede pronunciar como /t/, /d/ o /id/, dependiendo del sonido en el que acabe el infinitivo:
• /t/ ® watched, stopped, shopped, washed, worked (cuando el verbo acaba en sonido sordo)
• /d/ ® lived, arrived, opened, called, changed (cuando el verbo acaba en sonido sonoro)
• /id/ ® started, painted, mended, needed (solamente cuando el verbo acaba en sonido /t/ o/d/).

Verbosirregulares (go)
I went
You went
He / she / it went
We went
You went
They went

*Debesaprenderteestosverbos de memoriaparaformar el pasado

•  Negación

Verbosregulares (work)
forma completa forma contraída

I did not work I didn´t work
You did not work You didn´t work
He / she / it did not work He / she / it didn´t work
We did not work We didn´t work
You did not work You didn´t work
They did not work They didn´t work


Verbosirregulares (go)
forma completa forma contraída

I did not go I didn´t go
You did not go You didn´t go
He / she / it did not go He / she / it didn´t go
We did not go We didn´t go
You did not go You didn´t go
They did not go They didn´t go


•  Interrogación

Verbosregulares (work)

Respuestabreverespuestabreve

Did I work? Yes, I did No, I didn´t
Did you work? Yes, you did No, you didn´t
Did he/she/it work? Yes, he/she/it did No, he/she/it didn´t
Did we work? Yes, we did No, we didn´t
Did you work? Yes, you did No, you didn´t
Did they work? Yes, they did No, they didn´t


Verbosirregulares (go)

respuestabreverespuestabreve -
Did I go? Yes, I did No, I didn´t
Did you go? Yes, you did No, you didn´t
Did he/she/it go? Yes, he/she/it did No, he/she/it didn´t
Did we go? Yes, we did No, we didn´t
Did you go? Yes, you did No, you didn´t
Did they go? Yes, theydid No, theydidn´t

NINETH LEARNING GUIDE

NINETH LEARNING GUIDE

Pasado Perfecto (Past Perfect Tense)

El Pasado Perfecto en el idioma inglés es un tiempo verbal que se utiliza para referirnos a una acción que tuvo lugar en un momento anterior a otra acción, aunque ambas hayan sucedido en el pasado estableciendo un orden entre ellas, por ejemplo:

The film had finished when she arrived at the cinema.
La película había terminado cuando ella llegó al cine.
(Primera acción: la película había terminado
Segunda acción: ella llegó al cine)

Sarah hadprepareddinnerwhenherhusbandgot home.
Sarah había preparado la cena cuando su esposo llegó a casa.
(Primera acción: Sarah había preparado la cena
Segunda acción: su esposo llegó a casa)

Para poder construir la forma afirmativa del Pasado Perfecto debemos utilizar como auxiliar el verbo 

TO HAVE en Pasado Simple y acompañado por el verbo principal en su Pasado Participio

(ya sean verbos regulares o verbos irregulares):

I had bought a new car.	Yo había comprado un nuevo auto.
You had cleaned the house.	Tú habías limpiado la casa.
He had brought the gifts.	Él había traído los regalos.
She had lost the credit card.	Ella había perdido la tarjeta de crédito.

Para formar una interrogación deberemos colocar el auxiliar al comienzo de la oración, luego el sujeto y posteriormente el verbo principal también en Pasado Participio:

Had I bought a new car?	Había comprado yo un nuevo auto?
Had you cleaned the house?	Habías limpiado tú la casa?
Had he brought the gifts?	Había traído él los regalos?
Had she lost the credit card?	Había perdido ella la tarjeta de crédito?

Por su parte, la forma negativa se construye poniendo la negación NOT entre el auxiliar y el verbo principal, por ejemplo:

I had not bought a new dress.	Yo no había comprado un nuevo vestido.
You had not cleaned the house.	Tú no habías limpiado la casa.
He had not brought the gifts.	Él no había traído los regalos.
She had not lost the credit card.	Ella no había perdido la tarjeta de crédito.

También puede utilizarse la forma contraída de la negación colocandoHADN'T en vez de HAD NOT.

Andy´s dog

When Andy arrived to his house, he found a little dog. It had been very hungry, so Andy took it with him and went to his apartment, but the apartment had had the door open. He got into the apartment faster but the thieves had stolen everything.

Finally Andy couldn't do anything, but he prepared his dog so when others thieves tried to enter to his apartment the dog had been already there.

A love story

It was Friday again, the day for famous parties at Wellington High School.

Studentsdanced in the garden and everyone was enjoying the pleasure of being away from boring lessons.When Sarahcame to the party, the musichad started.

Tim suddenly noticed Sarah and felt shocked. He hadlooked for her for 2 years. They had meet each other at a holiday camp in 1999, but mysteriously Sarah had disappeared after a while. He thought about her since then.

 At the party, Sarah was talking to one of her friends while most of the students were drinking as much as they could. Tim decided to talk to her and waited for her friend to leave. When he had gone next to her, she searched for something in her bag, so she hadn´t seen him. As soon as he touched her on the shoulder, she had risen her head and couldn’t believe her eyes. She had never forgotten him.

At the end of the party, no one was happier than Sarah and Timas they had found each other after 2 years.

EIGHTH LEARNING GUIDE

EIGHTH LEARNING GUIDE

COMPARATIVOS Y SUPERLATIVOS

¿Recuerdas las cinco reglas para formar el comparativo y superlativo de los adjetivos en inglés? Vamos a revisarlas aquí: REGLA 1 El comparativo y superlativo de los adjetivos de una sílaba se forman agregando las terminaciones -er y -est al final del adjetivo:

cold     >>   colder     >>   coldest

REGLA 2 Los adjetivos que terminan con vocal seguida de una consonante duplican la consonante final antes de agregar las terminaciones -er or -est:

hot       >>   hotter      >>   hottest

REGLA 3 Los adjetivos de dos sílabas que terminan en -y cambian la y por i y recién entonces agregan las terminaciones -er or -est:

noisy   >>   noisier    >>   noisiest

REGLA 4 En el caso de adjetivos de dos o más sílabas (excepto aquellos terminados en -y) el comparativo y superlativo se forman con more y most:

beautiful  >>  more beautiful  >>  most beautiful

REGLA 5 Recuerda que los comparativos y superlativos "irregulares" cambian totalmente. Aquí tienes algunos:

good  >>   better                  >>  best bad    >>   worse                  >>  worst far      >>   farther / further   >>  farthest / furthest

EXPRESANDO SIMILITUD

Puedes usar la estructura as ... as ... (tan ... como ...) para expresar similitud:

In this southern island it is as hot as the tropics. (En esta isla austral el tiempo es tan cálido como en el trópico)

Asimismo puedes colocar nearly (casi), almost (casi) or just (exactamente) delante de la estructura as ... as ...:

London is nearly as expensive as Tokyo. (Londresescasi tan carocomo Tokyo) In summer, Tokyo is just as hot as the desert. (En verano, Tokyo es exactamente tan caluroso como el desierto)

EXPRESANDO DIFERENCIA

Cuando comparas puedes expresar diferencia de tres formas:

A)  not as/so ... as

Life in the countryside is not as fast as it is in Tokyo. (La vida en el campo no es tan agitada como lo es en Tokyo)

Tambiénpuedesagregar nearly a la estructura not as/so ... as:

Kyoto isn't nearly as busy as Tokyo. (Kyoto casi no tiene tanto movimiento como Tokyo)

B)  as ... as ...   con  twice, three times, half, a third, etc.

Japan's car exports are twice as high as Britain's. (Las exportaciones de autos de Japónduplican [son dos vecesmásque] las de Gran Bretaña) Rice-growing is only half as important as it used to be. (El cultivo de arroz es apenas la mitad de lo importante que solía ser)

C)  -er than ...  o  more/less ... than ...

The mountains are generally fresher than the cities. (Por lo general, lasmontañas son másfrescasquelasciudades) Most people think spring is more beautiful than summer. (La mayoría de la gente piensa que la primavera es más bonita que el verano) Englandis lessmountainousthan Japan. (InglaterraesmenosmontañosaqueJapón)

También puedes anteponer much, far, a lot, lots, a little o a bit a la forma comparativa del adjetivo:

The south of the country is a lot warmer than the north. (El sur del países mucho máscálidoque el norte) Their products are much less important than they used to be. (Sus productos son mucho menos importantes de lo que solían ser)

SEVENTH LEARNING GUIDE

SEVENTH LEARNING GUIDE

SIMPLE PAST - TO BE

Verbo to be – Pasado Simple

To be = ser o estar.


•  Afirmativa
I was
You were
He/she/it was
We were
You were
They were


•  Negación (sujeto + verbo + not)

forma completa forma contraída

I was not I wasn´t
You were not you weren´t
He/she/it was not he/she/it wasn´t
We were not we weren´t
You were not you weren´t
They were not they weren´t

•  Interrogación (verbo + sujeto)

respuestabreverespuestabreve –
Was I ...? Yes, I was No, I wasn´t
Were you...? Yes, you were No, you weren´t
Was he/she/it ....? Yes, he/she/it was No, he/she/it wasn´t
Were we...? Yes, we were No, we weren´t
Were you....? Yes, you were No, you weren´t
Were they....? Yes, they were No, they weren´t

Ejemplos:
Were you a student? Yes, I was.
Was she your friend? Yes, she was.
Were they your classmates? No, they weren´t.

Simple Past – Other verbs

El Pasado Simple es un tiempo verbal que se utiliza para describir acciones que han sucedido en un tiempo anterior y que ya han finalizado, por ejemplo:

She cleaned her house. Ella limpió su casa.
I broke the window. Yo rompí la ventana.

Aquí vemos su conjugación que en el español equivale al Pretérito Indefinido. Observa que la estructura de la oración es similar a la del Presente Simple:

Tanto en la forma interrogativa como en negativa se utiliza como auxiliarDID  y acompaña al verbo principal en su forma infinitiva.

En las negaciones puede utilizarse la forma contraída de DID NOT o sea DIDN'T. En el cuadro superior se emplea el verbo To Play (Jugar) a modo de ejemplo.

Al expresar una oración en Pasado Simple se entiende que la acción no guarda relación con el presente, como vemos en los siguientes casos:

He lost thekeys. Él perdió las llaves.
(Puede que en el presente las haya encontrado).

She lent me a book. Ella me prestó un libro.
(Puede que ya se lo haya devuelto).

También es posible indicar el momento en que se desarrolla la acción para indicar el tiempo con mayor precisión:

They saw the movie last night. Ellos vieron la película anoche.
We went to London yesterday. Nosotros fuimos a Londres ayer.

Para poder formar una oración en tiempo pasado debemos distinguir dostipos: VERBOS REGULARES y VERBOS IRREGULARES.

En el primero de los casos forman su Pasado Simple añadiendo la terminación ED al infinitivo, mientras que los irregulares reciben ese nombre por no seguir un patrón determinado y en este caso deben estudiarse individualmente.

POR LO PRONTO DEBERAS ESTUDIAR LA LISTA DE VERBOS PROPORCIONADA POR EL PROFESOR, DONDE HAY VERBOS REGULARES E IRREGULARES MUY USADOS, DEBERAS APRENDER EL PRESENTE, PASADO Y PARTICIPIO PASADO.

•  Afirmativa

Verbos regulares (work)

I worked
He / she / itworked
Youworked
Weworked
Youworked
Theyworked

Ortografía de las formas de pasado regulares

• verbos acabados en “consonante + y”Þ ied:
study® studied
carry® carried

• verbos monosilábicos acabados en “vocal +consonante” Þ duplican la consonante (excepto “y” o “w”)
stop ® stopped
shop ® shopped

Pronunciación de la terminación “-ed” de pasado
Se puede pronunciar como /t/, /d/ o /id/, dependiendo del sonido en el que acabe el infinitivo:
• /t/ ® watched, stopped, shopped, washed, worked (cuando el verbo acaba en sonido sordo)
• /d/ ® lived, arrived, opened, called, changed (cuando el verbo acaba en sonido sonoro)
• /id/ ® started, painted, mended, needed (solamente cuando el verbo acaba en sonido /t/ o/d/).

Verbosirregulares (go)
I went
You went
He / she / it went
We went
You went
They went

*Debesaprenderteestosverbos de memoriaparaformar el pasado

•  Negación

Verbosregulares (work)
forma completa forma contraída

I did not work I didn´t work
You did not work You didn´t work
He / she / it did not work He / she / it didn´t work
We did not work We didn´t work
You did not work You didn´t work
They did not work They didn´t work


Verbosirregulares (go)
forma completa forma contraída

I did not go I didn´t go
You did not go You didn´t go
He / she / it did not go He / she / it didn´t go
We did not go We didn´t go
You did not go You didn´t go
They did not go They didn´t go


•  Interrogación

Verbosregulares (work)

Respuestabreverespuestabreve

Did I work? Yes, I did No, I didn´t
Did you work? Yes, you did No, you didn´t
Did he/she/it work? Yes, he/she/it did No, he/she/it didn´t
Did we work? Yes, we did No, we didn´t
Did you work? Yes, you did No, you didn´t
Did they work? Yes, they did No, they didn´t


Verbosirregulares (go)

respuestabreverespuestabreve -
Did I go? Yes, I did No, I didn´t
Did you go? Yes, you did No, you didn´t
Did he/she/it go? Yes, he/she/it did No, he/she/it didn´t
Did we go? Yes, we did No, we didn´t
Did you go? Yes, you did No, you didn´t
Did they go? Yes, theydid No, theydidn´t